By Matt Field, December 12, 2024
Legionella pneumophila bacteria, which cause Legionnaire's disease. Credit: CDC/Margaret Williams/Claressa Lucas/Tatiana Travis.
Scientists describe molecules like DNA or the amino acids that build proteins as being left-handed or right-handed in their configurations. In humans, the left hand and the right hand are mirror images of one another, but they’re not identical. One can’t be perfectly superimposed on the other. Neither can many molecules. The specific “handedness” of a molecule allows it to interact in particular ways to perform biological functions, much as a “left hand interacts differently with left- and right-hand gloves.” Scientists say mirror image versions of life are possible: organisms built on molecules that, for example, don’t use the normal “right-handed” DNA of life on Earth, but a synthesized “left-handed” DNA instead.
Although the capability to create organisms or bacteria that utilize mirror molecules remains at least a decade away by many estimations, 38 authors of an article published in Science Thursday said that investigation into creating such “mirror life” should not be pursued. The authors said they “were initially skeptical that mirror bacteria could pose major risks,” but have since grown “deeply concerned.”
Technological developments will eventually make it possible to synthesize mirror bacteria, the authors said, and their assessment of studies about that possibility has “led us to conclude that infections could be severe.” Safeguards against the spread of mirror bacteria—which do not exist in nature, so humans and other animals would likely have little immunity to them—could be insufficient. Laboratory containment could fail, as could engineering to make them unable to live outside of controlled settings.
Creating even a mirror bacterium, a single-celled organism, “would be a far more complex feat of biological engineering than has ever been accomplished,” the authors said. But progress in disparate areas of research could make it possible. Scientists have already been able to synthesize large mirror biomolecules, including nucleic acids and proteins. At the same time, researchers are making progress in creating cells completely from synthetic material—technology that would also make it possible to create synthetic mirror cells.
“[A]lthough timelines are necessarily uncertain, it is likely that barriers will be eroded as research progresses on related technologies, many of which are pursued for applications unrelated to mirror life,” the authors asserted.
Some research suggests mirror-image molecules could be useful in the production of effective drugs, with the body less able to degrade them than the normal molecules. For similar reasons, however, mirror bacteria could pose a severe threat to humans. For instance, the authors noted that mirror proteins do not “reliably trigger important adaptive immune responses such as the production of antibodies.” The mirror bacteria might be able to evade the immune systems of many vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants. “Overall, we are concerned that mirror bacteria might act as serious pathogens with an unusually broad host range.”
In ecosystems, the authors compared mirror bacteria to “an invasive species with few natural predators.” They worry that “mirror bacteria could rapidly proliferate, evolving and diversifying as they spread.”
According to The Guardian, one of the report’s authors, Kate Adamala, a synthetic biologist at the University of Minnesota, said she switched from working on mirror cells to opposing their creation. “We should not be making mirror life,” she told the newspaper. “We have time for the conversation. And that’s what we were trying to do with this paper, to start a global conversation.” Other authors include, among others, two Nobel laureates, as well as Harvard geneticist George Church, who is working to “de-extinct” the wooly mammoth; and Kevin Esvelt, an MIT biotechnologist who developed the CRISPR gene drive, which can propagate genetic traits in populations as it spreads.
The authors wrote that it would be difficult to engineer mirror bacteria to prevent their eventual spread in the environment. Bacteria engineered to be unable to survive in nature could evolve or be manipulated to allow them to do so. Laboratory accidents happen, and mirror bacteria might be able to escape even highly secure labs. Countermeasures like antibiotics couldn’t be used at a “sufficient scale to prevent or counter dissemination and evolutionary diversification of mirror bacteria in the wild. They could therefore only protect against a fraction of the potentially immense harm,” the authors wrote.
The authors are calling for a halt to research into developing mirror organism or bacteria, while allowing research on mirror molecules that might have medical or scientific value to continue: “Unless compelling evidence emerges that mirror life would not pose extraordinary dangers, we believe that mirror bacteria and other mirror organisms, even those with engineered biocontainment measures, should not be created. We therefore recommend that research with the goal of creating mirror bacteria not be permitted, and that funders make clear that they will not support such work.”
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The concept of molecular "handedness" plays a crucial role in biological functions, with scientists exploring the potential of creating "mirror life" using synthesized molecules with opposite chirality to those found in nature. Despite the potential benefits, such as in drug development, there is growing concern among scientists about the risks associated with creating organisms using mirror molecules. A recent article in Science, authored by 38 experts, calls for a halt to research on developing mirror organisms due to potential severe risks to human health and ecosystems.
Supporting Text:
1. Molecular Handedness:
- Molecules like DNA and amino acids have specific configurations termed "left-handed" or "right-handed."
- The handedness of a molecule affects its biological interactions, similar to how a left hand fits differently into left- and right-hand gloves.
2. Potential for Mirror Life:
- Mirror life involves organisms built on molecules with reversed chirality, such as left-handed DNA.
- Scientists have synthesized large mirror biomolecules and are progressing in creating synthetic cells.
3. Risks and Concerns:
- Mirror bacteria could pose severe threats due to lack of immunity in humans and other organisms.
- The potential for mirror bacteria to evade immune responses and act as pathogens with broad host ranges.
- Concerns about mirror bacteria behaving like invasive species with few natural predators.
4. Call for Caution:
- Authors of the Science article, including notable scientists, urge halting research on mirror organisms.
- They emphasize the difficulty in containing mirror bacteria and preventing their spread in the environment.
- The authors recommend continuing research on mirror molecules with medical or scientific value, but not on creating mirror organisms.
Conclusion: The exploration of mirror life presents both intriguing possibilities and significant risks. While the potential applications in medicine and science are promising, the dangers posed by mirror organisms, particularly mirror bacteria, are substantial. The call from leading scientists to halt research on mirror organisms underscores the need for careful consideration and global dialogue on the ethical and safety implications of such advancements. Until compelling evidence assures the safety of mirror life, the focus should remain on understanding and utilizing mirror molecules for beneficial purposes without creating whole organisms.