Science and Security Board

Lawrence Freedman

Previously the head of King College's School of Social Science and Public Policy, Freedman is now the school's vice principal of research. His work focuses on nuclear strategy and the Cold War. Awarded the Order of the British Empire in 1996, a year later, he was appointed official historian of the Falklands campaign.

Henry Frisch

A professor of physics at the University of Chicago's Enrico Fermi Institute, Frisch's research focuses on looking for signs of extra-spatial dimensions, particles that form dark matter, new forces and/or symmetries, and new states of matter such as supersymmetric particles. Previously, he studied the experimental exploration of new phenomena at very high energy.

Lt. Gen. Robert G. Gard Jr. (Ret.)

A consultant on international security and education, Gard served as president of the Monterey Institute of International Studies (1987-1998) and director of the Johns Hopkins University Bologna (Italy) Center (1982-1987). During a military career that spanned three decades, he was assistant to the secretary of defense (1966-1968) and president of the National Defense University (1977-1981).

Rose Gottemoeller

The director of the Carnegie Moscow Center, Gottemoeller's research focuses on issues of nuclear security and stability, nonproliferation, and arms control. Previously, she served as the deputy undersecretary for defense, nuclear nonproliferation in the Energy Department. Her recent publications include Universal Compliance: A Strategy for Nuclear Security.

Lawrence Korb

The author of The Fall and Rise of the Pentagon, Korb is a senior fellow at the Center for American Progress. He was an assistant secretary of defense in the Reagan administration and is an expert on national security, arms control, and U.S. defense spending. The Defense Department has awarded him its Medal for Distinguished Public Service.

Leon Lederman

An internationally renowned high-energy physicist, Lederman is director emeritus of Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in Batavia, Illinois, and holds an appointment as the Pritzker Professor of Science at the Illinois Institute of Technology. Among his many honors are the Nobel Prize in Physics, the National Medal of Science, and the Enrico Fermi Prize awarded by President Bill Clinton.

Allison Macfarlane

An associate professor of environmental science and policy at George Mason University, Macfarlane is also an affiliate of MIT's Program in Science, Technology, and Society and Harvard University's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. She edited Uncertainty Underground: Yucca Mountain and the Nation's High-Level Nuclear Waste, a book that considers the scientific uncertainties in nuclear waste disposal.

Katherine Magraw

Magraw is the director of the Peace and Security Funders Group. Previously, she served as special assistant to the undersecretary of state for international policy and arms control and as a foreign policy specialist at the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. She has held several senior level positions in national nongovernmental organizations.

Thomas R. Pickering

The co-chair of the International Crisis Group, Pickering served as U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations (1989-1992), India (1992-1993), and Russia (1993-1996). In 1983 and in 1986, Pickering won the Distinguished Presidential Award; in 1996, he earned the State Department's Distinguished Service Award. He retired from the Foreign Service in 2001.

Pavel Podvig

A research associate at Stanford University's Center for International Security and Cooperation, Podvig spent his early career at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. He was the principal investigator on the Russian Nuclear Weapons Databook project and has extensively published and presented on the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, Russian strategic forces, and the U.S.-Russian disarmament process.

Thomas Rosenbaum

An expert on the quantum mechanical nature of materials, Rosenbaum is provost of the University of Chicago. He has been the university's James Franck Professor of Physics and the vice president of Argonne National Laboratory. His honors include an Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship, a Presidential Young Investigator Award, and the William McMillan Award for Outstanding Contributions to Condensed Matter Physics.

James Steinberg

The dean of the Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs at the University of Texas at Austin, Steinberg held several senior positions in the Clinton administration, including deputy national security adviser to the president and director of the State Department's policy planning staff. He has written Protecting the Homeland 2006/2007 and An Ever Closer Union.