Science and Security Board

Lawrence Freedman

Previously the head of King College's School of Social Science and Public Policy, Freedman is now the school's vice principal of research. His work focuses on nuclear strategy and the Cold War. Awarded the Order of the British Empire in 1996, a year later, he was appointed official historian of the Falklands campaign.

Lt. Gen. Robert G. Gard Jr. (Ret.)

A consultant on international security and education, Gard served as president of the Monterey Institute of International Studies (1987-1998) and director of the Johns Hopkins University Bologna (Italy) Center (1982-1987). During a military career that spanned three decades, he was assistant to the secretary of defense (1966-1968) and president of the National Defense University (1977-1981).

Alexander Glaser

A member of the research staff at Princeton University's Program on Science and Global Security, Glaser also serves as associate editor of the program's eponymous journal. His research interests include nuclear nonproliferation and disarmament, the nuclear fuel cycle, nuclear energy, and nuclear forensics. In addition, he is a member of the International Panel on Fissile Material. As such, he has coedited many of the panel's reports.

Rose Gottemoeller

The director of the Carnegie Moscow Center, Gottemoeller's research focuses on issues of nuclear security and stability, nonproliferation, and arms control. Previously, she served as the deputy undersecretary for defense, nuclear nonproliferation in the Energy Department. Her recent publications include Universal Compliance: A Strategy for Nuclear Security.

James Hansen

Hansen is director of the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. He is also a professor of earth and environmental studies at Columbia University. His current research areas include radiative transfer in planetary atmospheres, modeling current climate trends, and projecting humans' potential impact on climate. He publishes prolifically and has won many awards, including the 2007 Leo Szilard Lectureship Award from the American Physical Society.

Edward "Rocky" Kolb

The Arthur Holly Compton Distinguished Service Professor of Astronomy & Astrophysics at the University of Chicago, Kolb also serves as chair of the university's Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics. His research deals with the application of fundamental physics--in particular, particle physics and general relativity--to the very early universe. He is a member of the Enrico Fermi Institute and the Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics.

Lawrence Korb

The author of The Fall and Rise of the Pentagon, Korb is a senior fellow at the Center for American Progress. He was an assistant secretary of defense in the Reagan administration and is an expert on national security, arms control, and U.S. defense spending. The Defense Department has awarded him its Medal for Distinguished Public Service.

Leon Lederman

An internationally renowned high-energy physicist, Lederman is director emeritus of Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in Batavia, Illinois, and holds an appointment as the Pritzker Professor of Science at the Illinois Institute of Technology. Among his many honors are the Nobel Prize in Physics, the National Medal of Science, and the Enrico Fermi Prize awarded by President Bill Clinton.

Allison Macfarlane

An associate professor of environmental science and policy at George Mason University, Macfarlane is also an affiliate of MIT's Program in Science, Technology, and Society and Harvard University's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. She edited Uncertainty Underground: Yucca Mountain and the Nation's High-Level Nuclear Waste, a book that considers the scientific uncertainties in nuclear waste disposal.

Katherine Magraw

Magraw is the director of the Peace and Security Funders Group. Previously, she served as special assistant to the undersecretary of state for international policy and arms control and as a foreign policy specialist at the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. She has held several senior level positions in national nongovernmental organizations.

Thomas R. Pickering

The co-chair of the International Crisis Group, Pickering served as U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations (1989-1992), India (1992-1993), and Russia (1993-1996). In 1983 and in 1986, Pickering won the Distinguished Presidential Award; in 1996, he earned the State Department's Distinguished Service Award. He retired from the Foreign Service in 2001.

Pavel Podvig

A research associate at Stanford University's Center for International Security and Cooperation, Podvig spent his early career at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. He was the principal investigator on the Russian Nuclear Weapons Databook project and has extensively published and presented on the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, Russian strategic forces, and the U.S.-Russian disarmament process.

M. V. Ramana

A physicist, Ramana is senior fellow at the Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies in Environment and Development in Bangalore, India. His expertise is in the Indian nuclear weapons and energy programs, disarmament, and the storage and disposition of nuclear materials. A member of the International Panel on Fissile Material, he is currently examining the economic viability and environmental impacts of the Indian nuclear power program.

Thomas Rosenbaum

An expert on the quantum mechanical nature of materials, Rosenbaum is provost of the University of Chicago. He has been the university's James Franck Professor of Physics and the vice president of Argonne National Laboratory. His honors include an Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship, a Presidential Young Investigator Award, and the William McMillan Award for Outstanding Contributions to Condensed Matter Physics.

Stephen Schneider

The Melvin and Joan Lane Professor for Interdisciplinary Environmental Studies at Stanford University, Schneider has contributed to all four Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Assessment Reports. Currently, he is coordinating lead author of the IPCC's Working Group II Chapter 19, "Assessing Key Vulnerabilities and the Risk from Climate Change." He is the founder and editor of the interdisciplinary journal, Climatic Change.

Robert Socolow

Socolow is the codirector of Princeton University's Carbon Mitigation Initiative, under which he has helped launch new, coordinated research in environmental science, energy technology, geological engineering, and public policy. His research interests include global carbon management, the hydrogen economy, and fossil-carbon sequestration. He is a fellow of both the American Physical Society and American Association for the Advancement of Science.

James Steinberg

The dean of the Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs at the University of Texas at Austin, Steinberg held several senior positions in the Clinton administration, including deputy national security adviser to the president and director of the State Department's policy planning staff. He has written Protecting the Homeland 2006/2007 and An Ever Closer Union.